Empathy levels in the Japanese cohort were higher among females compared to males. This study used a descriptive, cross‐sectional methodology which aimed to examine self‐reported empathy in Japanese paramedic students with use of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, and compare results with similar international cohorts. Within paramedicine, empathy has previously been examined internationally, but not within Japan. Empathy has predominantly been studied within medicine, but also in many allied health personnel. Given its apparent importance for both lay understandings of politeness in different languages, as well as for second order, technical conceptualisations of politeness, it is perhaps surprising that the notion of consideration in English itself has received little analytical attention in its own right.Įmpathy is an important characteristic for healthcare students and professionals that may improve the quality of healthcare interactions.
The notion of consideration, and related terms such as attentiveness and solicitude, have also been raised in discussions of politeness in other languages, including Chinese (Chang & Fukushima, 2017 Fukushima & Haugh, 2014), Japanese (Fukushima, 2009(Fukushima,, 2011 (Fukushima,, 2016Haugh, 2016), Greek (Sifianou, 1993(Sifianou, : 73-74, 1997Sifianou & Tzanne, 2010: 669), Polish (Ogiermann, 2015: 35), and Turkish (Ruhi & Işık-Güler, 2007: 698-699).
This appeal to consideration in defining politeness as an object of scientific research is commonly reflected in lay understandings of politeness amongst speakers of different varieties of English (Culpeper, O'Driscoll & Hardaker, this volume Ide et al., 1992: 290 Obana & Tomoda, 1994: 40 Pizziconi, 2007: 219). This suggests the existence of intra-cultural variability in Japanese culture. A closer look at the results, however, shows that there were some subtle cross-generational differences. This may suggest that the moral order does not differ greatly among the participants and that the three concepts investigated here are related to politeness. The results show that the participants think that the three notions are important, which suggests a similarity between the two groups of the participants. The participants were asked to outline their understanding of the three notions above. Its related concepts, namely, empathy and anticipatory inference, are also investigated. The interpersonal notion investigated here is attentiveness. This study investigates the emic understandings of Japanese people with two generations on an interpersonal notion through metapragmatic interview data. Emic understandings of politeness and interpersonal relations are important in current im/politeness research, and there is a need to explore intra-cultural politeness practices.
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